Credits & Sources
Caddo Fundamentals was written by Steve Black with help from Tim Perttula and many other individuals and organizations who contributed ideas, images, and information.
Advisors and Reviewers: Robert Cast, Cecile Carter, Ann Early, Bobby Gonzalez, Lee Johnson, Frank Schambach, and Dee Ann Story.
Photographers: Steve Black, Cecile Carter, Jeff Girard, Dayna Bowker Lee, Bill Martin, Sharon Mitchell, Marilyn Murrow, Tim Perttula, George Sabo III, Frank Schambach, Donna Smith Spaulding, Elizabeth Stoker, Dee Ann Story, and Mark Walters.
Graphics: Justin Hays (all unattributed maps) and Dee Ann Story.
Artists: T.C. Cannon, Nola Davis, George Nelson, Reeda Peel, and Thompson Williams.
Organizations providing photographs and artwork:
Arkansas Archeological Survey,
Caddo Nation Tribal Headquarters, Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site,
Institute of Texan Cultures, The University of Texas at San Antonio, Louisiana
Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism, Oklahoma Archaeological
Society, Oklahoma Historical Society, Omaha Public Library, PBS&J,
Pictures of Record, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, Smithsonian
Institution, Texas Historical Commission, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department,
Watson Library (Northwestern State University), Western History Collections
(University of Oklahoma Library), and William Mathers Museum (Indiana
University).
Print Sources:
General Caddo and History
Bolton, Herbert E.
1987 The Hasinais: Southern Caddoans as seen by the Earliest Europeans.
University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Carter, Cecile E.
1995 Caddo Indians: Where We Come From. University of Oklahoma
Press, Norman.
Gregory, Hiram F. (editor)
1986 The Southern Caddo: An Anthology. Garland Publishing, New
York.
Griffith, William J.
1954 The Hasinai Indians of East Texas as Seen by Europeans, 1687-1772.
Philological and Documentary Studies, Vol. 2, No. 3. Middle American Research
Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans.
Lavere, David L.
1998 The Caddo Chiefdoms: Caddo Economics and Politics,1700-1835.
University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
Newkumet, Vynola Beaver and Howard L. Meredith
1988 Hasinai: A Traditional History of the Caddo Confederacy. Texas
A&M University Press, College Station.
Parsons, Elsie C.
1941 Notes on the Caddo. Memoir 57. American Anthropological Association,
Washington D.C.
Smith F. Todd
1995 The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854.
Texas A&M University Press, College Station.
1996 The Wichita and Caddo Indians—Relations with the U.S., 1846-1901. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.
Webb, Clarence H. and Hiram F. Gregory
1986 The Caddo Indians of Louisiana. 2nd Edition. Anthropological
Study 2. Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism, Louisiana Archaeological
Survery and Antiquities Commission, Baton Rouge.
Caddo Archeology
Krieger, Alex D.
1946 Culture Complexes and Chronology in Northern Texas, with Extensions
of Puebloan Datings to the Mississippi Valley. Publication No. 4640.
The University of Texas, Austin.
Perttula, Timmothy K.
1992 The Caddo Nation": Archaeological and Ethnohistoric
Perspectives. University of Texas Press, Austin.
2004 The Prehistoric and Caddoan Archeology of the Northeastern Texas Pineywoods, in The Prehistory of Texas, p. 370-407, edited by Timothy K Perttula, Texas A&M University Press.
Perttula, Timmothy K., Ann M. Early, Lois E. Albert, and Jeffery Girard
2006 Caddoan Bibliography, updated edition. Arkansas Archeological Survey Technical Paper 10, Fayetteville.
Moore, C. B.
1912 Some Aboriginal Sites on Red River. Journal of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14(4):526-636.
Webb, Clarence H.
1959 The Belcher Mound, A Stratified Caddoan Site in Caddo Parish,
Louisiana. Memoirs No. 16. Soceity for American Archeology, Salt Lake
City.
Caddoan Languages and Peoples
Chafe, Wallace
1973 Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan. In "Current Trends in Linguistics,"
edited by T.A. Sebeok. Linguistics in North America 10:1164-1209.
1976 The Caddoan, Iroquoian, and Siouan Languages. Mouton, The Hague.
Hughes, Jack. T.
1968 Prehistory of the Caddoan-Speaking Tribes. Ph.D. dissertation,
Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York.
Melnar, Lynette R.
2004 Caddo Verb Morphology. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
Parks, Douglas R.
2001 Caddoan Languages. In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume
13, Plains, p. 80-93, edited by Raymond J. DeMallie. Smithsonian
Institution, Washington.
Taylor, A. R.
1963 The Classification of the Caddoan Languages. Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society 107(1):51-59.
1963 Comparative Caddoan. International Journal of American Linguistics 29:113-151.
Spiro and Arkansas Basin
Brooks, Robert L.
1996 The Arkansas River Valley: A New Paradigm, Revisionist Perspectives
and the Archaeological Record. Caddoan Archeology 7(1):17-27.
Brown, James A.
1996 The Spiro Ceremonial Center: The Archaeology of Arkansas Valley
Caddoan Culture in Eastern Oklahoma. 2 Vols. Memoir No. 29. Museum
of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Merriam, Larry and Christopher Merriam
2004 The Spiro Mound: A Photo Essay. Merriam Station Books, Oklahoma
City. [Privately printed book featuring photographs from the collection
of Dr. Robert E. Bell.]
Rogers, J. Daniel
1991 A Perspective on Arkansas Basin and Ozark Highland Prehistory. Caddoan
Archeology Newsletter II(1):9-16.
Schambach, Frank F.
1990 The Place of Spiro in Southeastern Prehistory: Is It Caddoan or Mississippian.
Southeastern Archaeology 9(1):67-69.
1997 Continuing the Discussion of the Spiroans and their Entrepots: A Reply to Brooks' Critique of my New Paradigm for the Archeology of the Arkansas Valley. Caddoan Archeology 7(4):17-46.
Links:
General Caddo and History
https://mycaddonation.com/
Official website of the Caddo Nation
http://www.texasindians.com/caddo.htm
Kid-friendly site with general information about Caddo culture.
http://www.salsburg.com/Indians.html
Online version of 1935 article by William B. Glover entitled "A History
of the Caddo Indians" originally published in the Louisiana Historical
Quarterly.
Caddo Archeology
http://www.arkarch.org
Arkansas Archeological Society
http://www.laarchaeology.org/
Louisiana Archaeological Society
http://www.txarch.org/
Texas Archeological Society
Caddoan Languages and Peoples
http://ahalenia.com/kiwat/
Kiwat Hasinay is asmall nonprofit foundation dedicated to preserving the
Caddo language and encouraging its revival. One of the foundation's projects
has been an effort to create a community-based program to teach the language
to Caddo children.
http://www.native-languages.org/
Native Languages of the Americas website created by a small non-profit
group "dedicated to preserving and promoting the indigenous languages
of the Western Hemisphere." Extensive information on many Native
American languages; Caddoan section a work in progress.
http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/
Handbook of Texas Online. Suggested topics:
Amediche Indians
Anadarko Indians
Cachae Indians
Caddo Indians
Canonizochitoui Indians
Caso Indians
Caxo Indians
Cataye Indians
Chaquantie Indians
Dotchetonne Indians
Hacanac Indians
Lacane Indians
Naansi Indians
Nabedache Indians
Nabeyxa Indians
Nabiri Indians
Nacachau Indians
Nacaniche Indians
Nacau Indians
Nacogdoche Indians
Nacono Indians
Nanatsoho Indians
Nasayaha Indians
Nasoni Indians
Natchitoch Indians
Nechaui Indians
Neche Indians
Palaquesson Indians
Tadiva Indians
Vinta Indians
Mississippian World
Cahokia
https://cahokiamounds.org/
Cahokia Mounds is a not-for-profit organization managed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources. This website has detailed information about Cahokia, events, and visiting the site.